Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

Class 10 Notes

Please see Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes provided below. These revision notes have been prepared as per the latest syllabus and books for Class 10 Social Science issues by CBSE, NCERT, and KVS. Students should revise these notes for Chapter 2 Nationalism in India daily and also prior to examinations for understanding all topics and to get better marks in exams. We have provided Class 10 Social Science Notes for all chapters on our website.

Chapter 2 Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

Key Concepts of the lesson:

Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha – The power of Truth & the need to search fortruth –Mental strength is more powerful than physical force to win the heart of the oppressor.Novel idea of Satyagraha was first time implemented in South Africa.

• In India the first was at Champaran in 1917– to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation system. In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda -to support peasants .In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmedabad-Among the cotton mill workers.

• “Hind Swaraj‟- the famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasised non-cooperation to British rule in India

• The First World War, Khilafat and Non Cooperation

• On 13th April 1919 Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre – Amritsar in Punjab

• The First World War – its effects.

• Huge increases in defenses expenditure. Custom duties were raised; Income tax was introduced. There was forced recruitments in rural areas, spread of epidemics

• The Rowlatt Act of 1919: It gave the British government enormous power to represspolitical activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

• Non-cooperation programme was adopted at Nagpur in Dec.1920.

• The peasant movement in Awadh demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of beggarBaba Ramachandra.

• Inland Emigration Act of 1859: Under this act plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

• Alluri Sitaram Raju led the tribal revolt of Guden Hills of Andhra Pradesh

• Khilafat agitation – led by Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali.

• Chauri Chaura incident –Violence –withdrawal of Non-Cooperation movement-1922

• Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lal Nehru for return to council Politics.

• Simon Commission 1928 and boycott.

• Lahore Congress session and demand for Purna Swaraj in 1929.

• Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movement

• Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the mostessential items of food- salt considered a more effective weapon for protest against Britishers.

• Government ‘s repressive policy – Gandhi Irwin Pact and failure of round table conferenceRe-launching of movement.

• Who participated in the movement?

• The rich peasant communities, business class and women took active part in the movement.

Limits of the movement – less participation by untouchables – Ambedkar for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, luke warm response by some Muslim Political Organization.

Provisions of Poona pact of 1932 – Signed between Dr.Ambedkar & Gandhiji- It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.

The sense of collective belonging- This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore and songs- the image of Bharath Mata- Nationalism through icons or symbols of representation of History. The first image was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay & painted by Abanindranath Tagore.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Question. What was the purpose of imposing the Rowlatt Act?
(a) The Rowlatt Act forbade the Indians to qualify for administrative services.
(b) The Rowlatt Act had denied Indians the right to political participation.
(c) The Rowlatt Act imposed additional taxes on Indians who were already groaning under the burden of taxes.
(d) The Rowlatt Act authorised the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.
Answer : (d) The Rowlatt Act authorised the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.

Question. Where did the brutal ‘Jallianwala Massacre’ take place?
(a) Amritsar
(b) Meerut
(c) Lahore
(d) Lucknow
Answer : (a) Amritsar

Question. Under the presidency of Jawahahar Lai Nehru, the Lahore Congress Session of 1929 formalised the demand of
(a) abolition of Salt Tax
(b) ‘Puma Swaraj’ or complete independence
(c) boycott of Simon Commission
(d) separate electorate for ‘dalits’
Answer : (b) ‘Puma Swaraj’ or complete independence

Question. The ‘Simon Commission’ was boycotted because
(a) there was no British Member in the Commission.
(b) it demanded separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.
(c) there was no Indian Member in the Commission.
(d) it favoured the Muslims over the Hindus.
Answer : (c) there was no Indian Member in the Commission.

Question. What do you mean by the term ‘Begar’?
(a) An Act to prevent plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission.
(b) The forced recruitment of soldiers in rural areas during World War I.
(c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
(d) Refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities as a form of protest.
Answer : (c) Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.

Question. Where did Mahatma Gandhi start his famous ‘Salt March’ on 12th March 1930?
(a) Dandi
(b) Chauri-Chaura
(c) Sabarmati
(d) Surat
Answer : (c) Sabarmati

Question. Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi, was the leader of which of the following movements?
(a) Khilafat Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement of Andhra Pradesh
(c) Peasants’ Movement of Awadh
(d) Plantation Workers’ Movement in Assam
Answer : (c) Peasants’ Movement of Awadh

Question. Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
(b) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Shaukat Ali
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer : (b) Jawahar Lai Nehru and Baba Ramchandra

Question. A form of demonstration used in the Non-cooperation Movement in which people block the entrance to a shop, factory or office is
(a) Boycott
(b) Begar
(c) Picketing
(d) Bandh
Answer : (c) Picketing

Question. Which party did not boycott the Council elections held in the year 1921?
(a) Swaraj Party
(b) Justice Party
(c) Muslim League
(d) Congress Party
Answer : (b) Justice Party

Question. Which industrialist attacked colonial control over Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Dinshaw Petit
(b) Purshottamdas Thakurdas
(c) Dwarkanath Tagore
(d) Seth Hukumchand
Answer : (b) Purshottamdas Thakurdas

Question.Who was the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
(b) B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Jawahar Lai Nehru
Answer : (c) Mahatma Gandhi

Question. Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in the city of
(a) Bombay
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lucknow
(d) Amritsar
Answer : (a) Bombay

Question. Who visualised and depicted the image of ‘Bharat Mata’ through a painting?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Natesa Sastri
(d) Abanindranath Tagore
Answer : (d) Abanindranath Tagore

Question. Which of the following was Mahatma Gandhi’s novel method of fighting against the British?
(a) He used violent method of stone pelting.
(b) He used arson to bum down government offices.
(c) He fought with the principle of ‘an eye for i an eye’.
(d) He practised open defiance of law, peaceful demonstration, satyagraha and non-violence.
Answer : (d) He practised open defiance of law, peaceful demonstration, satyagraha and non-violence.

Question. The Non-cooperation Movement began on which one of the following dates?
(a) January 1921
(b) November 1921
(c) December 1921
(d) May 1921
Answer : (a) January 1921

Question. In which of the following places Mahatma Gandhi organised satyagraha for the first time in India?
(a) Dandi
(b) Ahmedabad
(c) Kheda
(d) Champaran
Answer : (d) Champaran

Question. What does satyagraha mean? Choose one from the following options.
(a) ‘Satyagraha’ means use of physical force to inflict pain while fighting.
(b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a non-violent method of fighting against oppression.
(c) ‘Satyagraha’ means passive resistance and is a weapon of the weak.
(d) ‘Satyagraha’ was a racist method of mass agitation.
Answer : (b) ‘Satyagraha’ does not inflict pain, it is a non-violent method of fighting against oppression.

Question. Match the columns. Find out the correct option

Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

(a) 1(d), 2(a), 3(b), 4(c)
(b) 1(c), 2(b), 3(d), 4(a)
(c) 1(a), 2(d), 3(c), 4(b)
(d) 1(c), 2(d), 3(a), 4(b)
Answer : (a) 1(d), 2(a), 3(b), 4(c)

Assertion Reason Questions

Question. Assertion (a): Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
Reason (R): His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is true.
Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question. Assertion (a): Folklores gave a picture of traditional culture, it helps in discovering a national identity and restoring a sense of pride in one’s past.
Reason (R): Nationalism spreads when people discover some unity that binds them together
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is true.
Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question. Assertion (a): Mahatma Gandhi decided to take up the Khilafat issue.
Reason (R): He wanted to bring the Muslims into the folder of nationalist movement
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is true.
Answer : (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

PICTURE BASED QUESTIONS

Question. Study the picture and identify on which year this procession took place

Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

(a) 1919
(b) 1915
(c) 1916
(d) 1911
Answer : (a) 1919

Question. Along with Gandhiji and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad who is the other nationalist leader in this picture?

Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

(a) B R Ambedkar
(b) C R Das
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : (d) Jawaharlal Nehru

Question. The given picture is associated to which event?

Nationalism in India Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes

(a) Chauri chaura incident
(b) Champaran Satyagraha
(c) Jallianwalabagh Massacre
(d) Dandi March
Answer : (a) Chauri chaura incident

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question. Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
Answer : Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience movement in 1931 because:
• Political leaders like Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan were arrested. More than one lakh people were arrested. • Government responded with brutal repression and peaceful satyagrahis were arrested. Women and children were beaten up.
• It resulted in an uprising in Peshawar in 1930.

Question. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasised truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all India.

Question. Why was the Khilafat movement started?
Answer : Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.

Question. Explain any two problems faced by the peasants of Awadh.
Answer : • Talukdars and landlords demanded exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other taxes from the peasants.
• Peasants had to do begar and work at the landlords’ farms without any payment.

Question. Explain any two facts about the new economic situation created in India by the First World War.
Answer : The First World War created a dramatically new economic situation in India:
(i) Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market.
(ii) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question. What type of flag was designed during the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer : During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag—red, green and yellow was designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India.
It had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question. When did Simon Commission come to India? Why was it boycotted?
Answer : The Tory government of Britain formed a commission under the leadership of Sir John Simon to enquire into the working of constitutional arrangements in India and to suggest reforms. It was appointed in 1927 and this commission reached in India in 1928. It was boycotted because
• It did not have any single Indian member
• It did not talk about Swaraj
• Gandhiji decided to call off Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question. Explain the main features if Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Answer : • He consented to participate in round table conference in London.
• Govt. agreed to release the political prisoners.

Question. Explain the idea of Satyagraha.
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is known as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasised the search for truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Gandhiji believed that dharma of non-violence could unite all India. According to Gandhiji it is not a physical force it is a soul force and the weapon of the strong. Satyagraha is based on two pillars Non- violence and Truth.

Question. Why did Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain any three reasons.
Answer : The Non-cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in cities for a variety of reasons:
• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
• Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones. These were slow to come up.
• So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Question. What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
Answer : Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement as the movement had turned violent in many places. The ChauriChaura incident in 1922 turned into a violent dash and 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles. More over many congress leaders were tired of continuous struggle and some of the were interested to participate in the election to provincial legislative councils which formed according to the Government of India Act of 1919.

Question. Name three main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917.
Answer : 1. Indigo cultivators Movement in Champaran, Bihar in 1917.
2. Peasants Satyagraha Movement was organized in Kheda district in Gujarat in 1917 to support peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection.
Cotton mill workers satyagraha at Ahmedabad

Question. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer : The Poona Pact:
(i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 demanded separate electorates for dalits in the Second Round Table Conference organised in London.
(ii) When British accepted this demand in the name of Communal Award, Gandhiji started a fast into death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the society.
(iii) Ambedkar and Gandhi came to an agreement with Ambedkar accepting Gandhis position and the result was the Poona Pact of September, 1932.
It gave the depressed classes (later to be known as Schedule castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
But, they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question. The effects of non-cooperation on economic front were more dramatic. How?
Answer : Import of British goods to India was reduced to half ` Foreign goods were boycotted
• Liquor shops were picketed
• The value of import on cloths came down
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods
• Production of Indian textiles went up.

Question. Why did business class participate in the civil disobedience movement?
Answer : They wanted protection against import of foreign goods and a rupee –sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. Most of the business people came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restriction on business would no-longer exist and industry would flourish.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question. Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer : The outbreak of the First World War had created a new economic and political situation in India:
• The increased defence expenditure was financed by war loans and by raising tax rates, custom duties, etc. There was tremendous price rise during the war years. Between 1913 and 1918, the prices had almost doubled. People, particularly common people, were facing extreme hardships.
• Forced recruitment in the army caused widespread anger in the villages.
• The failure of crops in many parts of India had created food shortages, leading to the added misery of the people.
• In addition to this, there was the outbreak of the great influenza epidemic. Millions of people perished due to influenza and starvation.
• The nationalist movement grew stronger during the war years. A large number of Muslims were drawn into the anti-British struggle during the war. The defence of the ‘Caliphate’ (Khilafat) became an important question for Muslims. Peasant movements during war period also had helped the nationalist movement to grow stronger.

Question. What were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31st January 1930? Why was abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand? Explain.
Answer : On 31st January, 1930 Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands
Some of the demands were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes from industrialists to peasants
The most important demand was to abolish Salt Tax.Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government.
Gandhiji’s letter was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he told that Congress will launch a Civil Disobedience campaign.

Question. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside.
Answer : The Non-cooperation movement spread to the countryside also. It drew into the struggles of peasants and tribes from different parts of India.
(i) In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other cesses from the peasants. Peasants were forced to work in landlords’ farms without any payment (begar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The demands of the peasants were—reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(ii) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
(iii) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non¬Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes.

Question. How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain.
Answer : Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belongingness:
(i) Use of figures or images. The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism.
(ii) Indian folklore. Nationalists started recording and using folklores and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity’ and restore a sense of price in one’s past.
(iii) Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags. Carrying the tricolour flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.
(iv) Reinterpretation of history. Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonisers.
All these techniques were used to bring the Indian people together against the common enemy.

Question. How did the plantation workers understand the idea of ‘Swaraj’? Explain.
Answer : For the plantation workers of Assam, “Swaraj” meant freedom to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they all were enclosed and also to be able to keep the link with their native village intact. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not allowed to leave their tea gardens without permission, which they were rarely given. They believed that Gandhi Raj is going to come and they will get a piece of land in their own village. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied authorities left the plantations and headed home.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919? How was it organised Explain.
Answer : The Rowlatt Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council.
The Act gave the government enormous powers to oppress political agitations.
It had allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. There was no provision for appeal.
The passing of this Act aroused large scale indignation.
Gandhiji, who had formed a Satyagraha Sabha earlier, called for a countrywide protest against the proposed Rowlatt Act. Throughout the country, 6 April 1919 was observed as a National Humiliation Day. Gandhiji wanted a non-violent Civil Disobedience against such unjust laws. Hartals and rallies were organized in various cities. Workers went on strike in railway workshops. Shops were closed down. The movement was non-violent but proved to be effective.

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle.
Answer : History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols—all played an important role in creating a sense of collective belonging leading to the growth of nationalism.
1. Image of Bharat Mata:
With the growth of nationalism, the identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Abindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. The identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with this image. She was portrayed as an ascetic figure—calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
Later this image was painted by many other artists which acquired different forms. This image was circulated in popular prints and devotion to this mother figure was seen as a sign of nationalism.
2. Reinterpretation of History:
The glorification of developments in ancient India in the fields of art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, craft and trade had also helped in the growth of nationalism.
These nationalist histories encouraged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievement in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions (cultural and economic decline) of life under the British rule.
3. Indian Folklore:
Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of traditional culture, which had been damaged by outside forces.
In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive folk culture.
In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales, “The Folklore of Southern India”.

Question. Explain five points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’.
Answer : Five points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’:
• According to Gandhiji, satyagraha is not physical force. In the use of satyagraha there should not be any scope of ill-will.
• Satyagraha is about soul-force and truth is the very substance of soul and the soul is informed with knowledge.
• According to Gandhiji, satyagraha is not the weapon of the weak, instead it can only be used by the strongest of the strong as it totally depends upon mental strength but not on physical strength.
• It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence.
• Non-violence is the supreme dharma which could unite all Indians. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi can win the battle. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Satyagraha is based on two pillars namely truth and non-violence.

Question. Describe briefly about Jallianwala Bagh incident. Explain its impact on the people.
Answer : (i) Jallianwala Bagh Incident. On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure.
(ii) Some people had also gathered to protest against the government’s repressive measures.
(iii) General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation.
(iv) As the news of JallianwalaBagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings.
(v) The government replied with further brutalities. The people of Punjab were made to crawl on the streets and salute to all ‘Sahibs’. Some were put in open cages and flogged.

Question. “Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to the ‘Civil Disobedient Movement’.” Examine the statement.
Answer : Muslim response was lukewarm to the Civil Disobedience Movement as a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
The Congress members were seen as associates of Hindu religious nationalist groups like Hindu Mahasabha.
After the Non-cooperation Movement, relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened as each community organized religious processions, provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots.
The important differences were over the question of representation in the future Assemblies that were to be elected.
When Civil Disobedience Movement started, there was an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between communities. Muslims feared that they would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority in Independent India.

Source Based Questions

Question. Read the following passage and answer the following questions

Emboldened with this success, Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April.
Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession.

(i) On which date Gandhiji called for a nationwide hartal againt Rowlatt Act?
(a) 20 January 1919
(b) 6 April 1919
(c) 13 April 1919
(d) 10 April 1919
Answer : (b) 6 April 1919

(ii) Rowlatt Act aimed to strengthen nationalist movement in India
(a) Yes
(b) No
Answer : No

(iii) Rowlatt Act was passed in
(a) 1919
(b) 1920
(c) 1915
(d) 1916
Answer : (a) 1919

(iv) On 16 April which of the following events took place in India?
(a) Hartals
(b) Strikes in railway work shop
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer : (c) both (a) and (b)

Question. Read the following passage and answer the following questions

In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment. These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising their communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised. So when the movement was restarted in 1932, many of them refused to participate.
The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and Communists. Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places. So the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain.

(i) Patidars and Jats are rich Peasants of which State?
(a) Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh
(b) Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh
(c) Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
(d) Punjab and Haryana
Answer : (a) Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh

(ii) What was the main demand of poor peasants?
(a) remitting of unpaid rent to land lord
(b) Reduction of land revenue
(c) Complete independence
(d) None of the above
Answer : (a) remitting of unpaid rent to land lord

(iii) Among the following groups which group actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
(a) Poor Peasants
(b) Muslims
(c) Dalits
(d) Rich Peasants
Answer : (d) Rich Peasants

(iv) Which among the following groups joined in radical movements led by socialist and Communists?
(a) Poor Peasants
(b) Industrialists
(c) Rich farmers
(d) Dalits
Answer : (a) Poor Peasants

Question. Read the following passage and answer the following questions

The identity of the nation, as you know is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.

(i) The image of Bharat mata was first portrayed by
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
(b) Abindranath Tagore
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : (b) Abindranath Tagore

(ii) Who published the book “ The folklore of South India”
(a) Natesa Sastri
(b) Abindranath Tagore
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer : (a) Natesa Sastri

(iii) Among the following personalities who believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics’.
(a) Natesa Sastri
(b) Abindranath Tagore
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
(d) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Answer : (a) Natesa Sastri

(iv) Culture played and important role in spreading the idea of National sentiments among the people of India
(a) False
(b) True
Answer : True