Assignments Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India

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Nationalism in India Assignments Class 10 Social Science

ONE MARK QUESTIONS

Question. Name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’.
Ans : Mahatma Gandhi is the writer of the book Hind Swaraj.

Question. Name the writer of the novel Anandamath.
Ans : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is the writer of the novel Anandamath.

Question. State the slogan with which Simon Commission was greeted in 1928 in India.
Ans : Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.

Question. Who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram’ ?
Ans :The song Wande Matram’ was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

Question . Match the following :
Ans. (a-iii) (b-i) (c-iii) (d-iv)

AB
(a) Hind Swaraj(i) Halting of non cooperation movement
(b) Chauri Chaure(ii) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
(c) Swaraj Party(iii) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Rowlatt act(iv) After the first world war

9. Who said ‘‘The Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability is not eliminated’’.
(a) Motilal Nehru
(b) Subhash Chandra bose
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) B.R. Ambedkar
Ans. (c) Mahatma Gandhi

Question. Correct and Rewrite the following sentence after correcting the underlined word.
It was view of the Mahatma Gandhi that British rule was set in India with the cooperation of British.
Ans. …… with the cooperation of Indians.

Question. ……… and ……… signed the Poona pact.
Ans. Mahatma Gandhi and Bhim Rao Ambedkar.

Question. The president of ‘The Muslime league’ in 1930 was ………
Ans. Mohammad Iqbal

Question. Assertion (A) : In 1917, Gandhiji organised a Satyagrah to support the peasants of Kheda district of Gujarat.
Reason (R) : The peasants were affected by crop failure and plague epidemic. They could not pay the revence and were demanding the revenue collection be relaxed.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explantation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question. Baba Ram Chandra led the non copperation movement.
Ans. False

Question. Alluri Sitaram Raju was the leader of militant Guerilla movement in the gudem Hills.
Ans. True

Question. Which province did not boycott the council elections?
Ans. Madras

Question. Assertion (A) : It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one’s national Identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s post.
Reason (R) : Jawaharlal Nehru began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes, myths etc.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct.
Ans. (c) A is correct and R is incorrect.

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

Question. Explain any three reasons for the slow down of Non- Cooperation Movement in cities.
or
Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain.
Ans : The Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slowed down in towns and cities because
a. The khadi clothes were expensive which the poor people could not afford.
b. There was need for Indian institutions for the teachers, students and the lawyers but these were very slow to come up.
c. Thus once again people started using the mill made British clothes and the students, teachers and the lawyers joined back their respective institutions.

Question. Describe the main features of Poona Pact.
Ans : In the Second Round Table Conference, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the Dalits. Against this Gandhiji, began a fast unto death because he believed that separate electorates for the Dalits would slow down the process of national integration.
Later on, Ambedkar accepted Gandhian view and in the Poona Pact the depressed class people were given the reserved seats in the provincial and the central legislative council election but to be voted in by the general electorate.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain any three reasons.
Ans : Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 due to the following three reasons:
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places.
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle,
c. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.

Question. Who had designed the ‘Swaraj flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj flag’.
Ans : A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921.
The main features of this Swaraj flag was:
a. It was designed using the colours red, green and white.
b. A spinning wheel was in the centre of the flag which represented the Gandhi an ideal of self- help.

Question. ‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.
Ans : The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways:
a. The Civil Disobedience Movement dealt with the breaking of the colonial laws whereas the Non- Cooperation Movement did not follow the rules of the colonial government.
b. In the Civil Disobedience Movement, people broke the salt law and forest law whereas in the Non- Cooperation Movement, they carried out peaceful demonstrations.
c. The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched to get Puma Swaraj whereas the Non-Cooperation Movement was to unite the Hindus and Muslims to attain Swaraj.

Question. How did the colonial government repress the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain.
Ans : The three measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act were:
a. To suppress the nationalists the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi.
b. Martial law was imposed.
c. The Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? How was it organized?
Ans : Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 due to the following three reasons:
a. In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the imperial legislative council despite the opposition by the Indian members.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities.
c. According to this act the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years.

Question. What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Ans : a. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal.
b. It had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces,
c. It had a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.

Question. The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Ans : According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden. Therefore, they also joined the Swaraj movement. For the plantation workers in Assam, the notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with the village from which they belong to and also they believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given land.

Question. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919. Explain any three reasons.
Ans : Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 due to the following three reasons:
a. The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members.
b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities.
c. According to this Act, the government can detain the political prisoners without trial for a period of two years.

Question. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc. in shaping the nationalism during freedom struggle.
Ans : a. Folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols etc. helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in them. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn “Vande Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in his novel Anandamath and sung during the swadeshi movement in Bengal.
b. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual which acquired different forms in different years by different artists. This image of India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
c. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave a true picture of the traditional Indian culture and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
d. Rabindranath Tagore led the movement for the revival of the folks and thus collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths .Tamil folk tales were published by Natesa Shashtri in his book The folklore of southern India which was a massive four volume collection.
e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and white. A spinning wheel was in the centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of the industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyse the reasons.
Ans : Some of the industrial workers who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers who selectively adopted some of the Gandhian ideas such as boycott of the foreign goods. They participated in the movement as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries.
In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and the dockworkers went on strike. The Chhotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns.
But the Congress was not willing to include their demands because he thought that this would alienate the industrialists and divide the anti-imperialist forces.

Question. How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Ans : Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because on 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes.
The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.

Question. Why did different social groups join the Civil Disobedience movement? Explain.
Ans : The following were the different social groups who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with different objectives:
a. These rich peasants due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income were not able to pay the revenue and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue.
b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
c. Women also participated in large scale in the civil disobedience movement during the salt march by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.

Question. Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ on arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments.
Ans : Against the situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission after the name of Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission. In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon go back’.

Question. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation movement in the countryside.
or
How did the non-cooperation spread to the countryside? Explain.
Ans : Due to the worldwide economic depression the agricultural prices began to fall, demands for agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This resulted in a countryside turmoil. Now it was difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay the high revenue.
Against this situation of countryside turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission.

Question. How did the ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? Explain.
Ans : The ‘Salt March’ become the base to begin the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ because on 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands out of which some were of general interest and some of were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.

Question. How could Non-Cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.
Ans : In the year 1909 Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book named ‘Hind Swaraj’ in which he wrote that the British survived in India only because of the cooperation of the Indians otherwise they would have collapsed within a year.
Gandhiji planned to unfold the movement in stages. In the first stage the people surrendered the titles, boycotted civil services, army, police, schools, foreign goods, courts and legislative councils.
The full Civil Disobedience campaign was planned for the second phase if the government tried to supress the first phase.

Question. Explain the circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1930.
or
Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
Ans : The circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non- Cooperation Movement in 1930 were:
a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places.
b. To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle,
c. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.

Question. How did Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain any four points.
or
How did civil disobedience come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Ans : Due to the worldwide economic depression the agricultural prices began to fall, demands for agricultural goods fell and the export declined. This resulted in a countryside turmoil because now it was difficult for the peasants to sell their harvest and pay the high revenue. Against this situation of countryside turmoil the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission after the name of Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission.

Question. Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Ans : The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor. This can be possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can be persuaded to see the truth with the use of non- violence.
Mahatma Gandhi had a hard belief that the dharma of non-violence will help in uniting the people of the country.

Question. Explain the effects of‘ worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Ans : The effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s were:
a. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans. The increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax, and increased prices of the commodities caused economic hardship for the common people.
b. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
c. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.

Question. How was history re-interpreted in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Ans : The history was reinterpreted to create the feeling of nationalism and instill a sense of pride among the Indians. Through this the perspective of British towards India as backward, primitive and incapable of governing themselves was criticized.
The reinterpretation of the Indian history revealed that India had a glorious achievements and developments in the past. India had contributed in the field of art, architecture, science, religion, culture, law, philosophy, crafts and trade.

Question. Why was Congress reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation? How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Ans : Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the salt march by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation. But the Congress was not willing to give them any position of authority in the organisation and that’s why Gandhiji said that women should look after the domestic chores and be good mothers and wives.

Question. Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas and the notion of ‘Swaraj’, Support the statement.
Ans : According to the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the plantation workers in Assam were not allowed to leave the tea garden. Therefore they also joined the Swaraj movement. For the plantation workers in Assam the notion of Swaraj was to get the right of free movement in and out of the confined space, retaining a link with the village from which they belong to and also they believed that in the Gandhi Raj they would be given land.

Question. Discuss the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans. (i) Women participation was in large scale
(ii) Participated in protest marches, manufactured salt
(iii) Picketed foreign cloths and liquor shops
(iv) Began to see service to the nation as their sacred duty

Question. Why did Indians oppose Simon Commission?
Ans. (i) No mention of reform
(ii) Not even a single Indian was there.
(iii) The Indian people felt offended by the commission.
(iv) The fear that the British would lord it over them, without giving serious thought to their interests.

Question. How did the First World War help in the growth of nationalist movement in India?
Ans. (i) War created a new political and economic situation. It led to an increase in expenditure.
(ii) The war led to a price rise and hardship for common people.
(iii) War led to forced recruitment of people.
(iv) Acute Shortage of food led to famine and misery.
(v) Indians began to realize that they were drawn in a war unnecessarily. This feeling united Indians against the British.

Question. This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore, songs, icons & images” Analyse the statement.
Ans. (i) In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured village together.
(ii) The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that was damaged by outside forces.
(iii) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the National Identity.
(iv) It restored a sense of pride in one’s past during Swadeshi Movement, a tricolor flag was designed representing eight provinces through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu- Muslim unity.
(v) Later Gandhiji developed tricolor flag (Red, Green and White) with a spinning wheel at center representing self-help. Carrying the flag became a symbol of defiance.
(vi) This image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande Mataram a hymn to the mother land. Abanindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharat Mata as calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual.

Question. How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in making of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Ans. • Sense of collective belonging come through the experience of united struggle.
• Variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples’ imagination.
• History, fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbol played important role in making of nationalism.
• Identity of nation is most often symbolized in a figure or an image.
• It helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation.

Question. “Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of “Swaraj”. Support the statement in the light of of Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930s.
Ans. Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj.
• Many Schedule Castes and tribes came together under the umbrella of Depressed Class movement.
• Many leaders of these classes demanded their political representation through Reservation.
• Many Muslim Leaders expressed their concern about the status of Muslim as a minority of India.
• They feared their culture and identity be submerged under the domination of majority.

Question. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhijis ideas?
Ans. (i) Alluri Sita Ram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
(ii) He started a militant Guerilla Movement in the early 1920s.
(iii) The tribal people were enraged by the British policy, but when the government began forcing them to contribute ‘begar for road building, the hill people revolted.
(iv) Raju inspired the hill people. He talked on the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.
(v) Inspired by Gandhiji’s Non Cooperation Movement, he persuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he did not believe in Non Violence, he thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force.

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

Question. How did different social groups conceive the idea of Non-Cooperation? Explain with examples.
or
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Ans : The following were the different social groups who participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement with different objectives:
a. The rich peasants were not able to pay the revenue due to the trade depression, falling prices and disappeared cash income and also the government refused to reduce the revenue. Their notion for Swaraj struggle was basically a struggle against high revenue.
b. For the poor peasantry groups, the meaning of Swaraj was lowering the revenue demand and also they wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
c. The Indian merchants and the industrialists started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands — protection against the import of foreign goods and a favorable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling.
d. Some of the industrial workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were the Nagpur industrial workers as part of their own movement against the low wages and the poor working conditions in the industries.
e. In the year 1930 and 1932, the railway workers and the dock workers went on strike. The Chhotanagpur tin mines workers also protested in rallies wearing Gandhian caps and boycotted the campaigns.
f. Women also participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement during the Salt March by Gandhiji. They belonged to the high caste families from the urban areas and rich peasant households from the rural areas. For them it was a sacred duty to serve the nation.

Question. Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a symbol to unite the nation.
Ans : On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
Mahatma Gandhi started the march for over 240 miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from Sabarmati to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles a day for 24 days. He violated the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling the sea water on 6th April 1930. Now Gandhiji wanted Indians to refuse all sort of cooperation with the British and also break the colonial rules. There after, people broke salt law, manufactured salt, showed demonstrations, boycotted the foreign clothes, picketed the liquor shops, peasants refused to pay the taxes and revenues and the forest people violated the forest laws.

Question. Some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Ans : It is true to say that some of the political organisations in India were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
a. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and criticize the British policies within the council.
b. The Swaraj party was formed within the Congress party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with the purpose to argue for return to council elections.
c. The Muslims and their political organisations were also not taking much interest in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to the decline of the Non- Cooperation Khilafat Movement. They felt alienated from Congress. They felt that Congress is linked with the Hindu Mahasabha and their propagandas are Hindu oriented.

Question. How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in countryside? Explain.
or
Explain the impact of Jallianwalla Bagh incident on the people.
Ans : a. On 10th April 1919, fire was opened by the police in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed.
b. On 13th April 1919, huge crowd had gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh. The crowd had two different objectives. Some of them gathered to protest the new repressive measures of the government whereas others gathered to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Those who came from outside city were not aware of the* martial law. General Dyer entered in the ground, closed the exit points and opened fire in which hundreds of innocent people were killed. This was basically done to create a feeling of terror in the minds of Satyagrahis.
c. This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs. People were beaten up and villages were bombed.

Question. How did the people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Ans : As the Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many places, it was called off by Mahatma Gandhi in February 1922 to train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the non¬cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle, wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to criticize the British policies within the council.
The Swaraj Party was formed within the Congress party by C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru. It was formed with purpose to argue for return to council elections. Against this situation of countryside turmoil, the Tory government in Britain set up a commission named Simon Commission under Sir John Simon to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest the changes needed. There were no Indian members in this commission.
In the year 1928, Simon Commission arrived India and was greeted with the slogan ‘Simon, go back’.
On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin. Mahatma Gandhi had stated eleven demands in this letter out of which some were of general interest and some were specific demands of different classes. The demands were wide ranging in order to bring together everyone under a united campaign. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax as it was the most important item in food that is consumed by both rich and poor.
To suppress this movement the colonial government started arresting the Congress, leaders. The arrest of Abdul Ghaffar Khan made the Indians angry and the crowd demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The arrest of Mahatma Gandhi made this demonstration more wide and worse as the industrial workers in Sholapur Maharashtra attacked the police posts, railway stations and other government buildings.
A brutal repression policy was adopted by the colonial government to suppress this and the police attacked the peaceful Satyagrahis, beat up the women and the children and arrested about 1 lakh people. This resulted in the call off of the movement by Gandhiji and Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5th March 1931. He agreed for the round table conference and thus the political prisoners were released.

Question. Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Ans : The national movement in India took a new shape after the end of the First World War. Here onwards the national movement incorporated different new social groups and also developed newer modes of struggle.
Due to the First World War the economic and political situation of India was altered. The defence expenditure was financed by the war loans, the increased taxes, raising the custom duties and introducing the income tax and increased prices of the commodities which caused economic hardship for the common people.
For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and recruitment was done forcefully.
There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which caused acute food shortages and millions of people perished due to the famine and the epidemics.

Question. Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’ ?
or
Describe the role of merchants and the industrialists in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
or
Analyse the role of merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
or
Explain the reasons for the business class to participate in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
or
Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
or
Explain with examples the role of industrialists in the freedom struggle of India.
or
How did the industrialist relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Ans : The Indian merchants and the industrialist became rich and powerful due to huge profits they made during the First World War. Thus they started opposing the colonial policies which restricted their business to expand. They had two demands — protection against the import of foreign goods and a favourable exchange ratio of rupee and sterling. In the year 1920 and 1927, Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries were formed respectively by the Indian merchants and industrialist to organize their business interest.
Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla were the prominent industrialist who supported the Civil Disobedience Movement, given financial assistance, refused to buy and sell the foreign goods and attacked the colonial control. According to the merchants and the industrialists, the meaning of Swaraj was expansion of trade and business without restrictions by the colonial government. But they were disheartened due to the failure of the Round Table Conference.

Question. How did Non-Cooperation Movement start with participation of middle class people in the cities? Explain its impact on the economic front.[Delhi 2018]
Ans : a. In January 1921, the non-cooperation Khilafat movement was started in which different social groups participated with different aspirations from the Swaraj. This movement was started with the middle class people of the towns and cities. The students left the schools and colleges, the teachers and headmasters resigned and the lawyers gave up their practices.
b. The council elections were also boycotted except in Madras. The Justice Party which was a party of the non-Brahmins in Madras felt that power can be acquired only through the council elections.
c. The economic effects of the Non¬Cooperation Movement — foreign goods boycotted, liquor shops picketed, foreign clothes were burnt, import of the foreign clothes became half, the value of import dropped, merchants and traders refused the trade of foreign goods, production of Indian mills and handloom rose.

Question. How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain.
or
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Ans : The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:
a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the same nation which binds the people together and make different communities, regions and language groups united.
b. This came through the united struggles like the different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857, history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in them.
c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the swadeshi movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual which acquired different forms in different years by different artists. This image of India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave a true picture of the traditional Indian culture and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the swadeshi movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.
f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of self- help.

Question. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or languages develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain with examples.
Ans : The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:
a. Nationalism is a belief that all are a part of the same nation which binds the people together and make different communities, regions and language groups united.
b. This came through the muted struggles like the different Non-Cooperation Movements, Civil Disobedience movements, the wars like 1857, history, fiction, folklores, folk songs, prints, icons and symbols etc. all these helped in unifying the Indians and inspired a feeling of nationalism in them.
c. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and also a hymn ‘Vande 3 Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. The image of Bharat Mata was portrayed as calm, composed, divine and spiritual which acquired different forms in different years by different artists. This image of India developed the ideas of nationalism in India.
d. The Indian folklores were revived and the folk tales were recorded and sung by bards which gave a true picture of the traditional Indian culture and tells how it was ruined by the Britishers.
e. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8 provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.
f. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours red, green and white. A spinning wheel was in the Centre of the flag which represented the Gandhian ideal of self- help.

Question. Describe the actions taken by the British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Rowlatt Act.
Ans : In the year 1919, Gandhiji organized a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative Council despite the opposition by the Indian members. He planned a non¬violent Civil Disobedience against this Act which would start with a hartals on 6th April 1919.
The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for repressing the political activities. According to this Act the government can detain the political ‘ prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
Against the Rowlatt Act, rallies were organized, the railway workshop workers went on strike and the shops were closed down. The British administration got alarmed and were scared about the disruption of the communication lines such as the railways and the telegraph. To suppress the nationalist the British administration picked up the local leaders and barred Gandhiji from entering Delhi. On 10th April 1919, the police opened fire in Amritsar on a peaceful procession and Martial law was imposed. On 13th April 1919, huge was gathered in the Jallianwalla Bagh.
This infamous incident resulted in strikes, clashes with the police and the government buildings were attacked. This reaction of Indians was brutally suppressed by the government as the Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on streets and do salute to all the Sahibs, people were beaten up and villages were bombed.