Please refer to the Work and Energy Revision Notes given below. These revision notes have been designed as per the latest NCERT, CBSE and KVS books issued for the current academic year. Students will be able to understand the entire chapter in your class 9th Science book. We have provided chapter wise Notes for Class 9 Science as per the latest examination pattern.
Revision Notes Chapter 11 Work and Energy
Students of Class 9 Science will be able to revise the entire chapter and also learn all important concepts based on the topic wise notes given below. Our best teachers for Grade 9 have prepared these to help you get better marks in upcoming examinations. These revision notes cover all important topics given in this chapter.
Work Done By A Constant Force
• Work is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the displacement x and the component of the force Fx in the direction of the displacement..
• Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a displacement
• Mathematically, work can be expressed by the following equation.
• W= F x d cos q ( cos 0o = 1)
• where F = force, d = displacement, and the angle (theta) is defined as the angle between the force and the displacement vector
• Three things are necessary for the performance of work
• There must be an applied force F.
• There must be a displacement x.
• The force must have a component along the displacement
James Joule
The metric system unit of energy is the joule (J), after James Joule.
• Mechanical energy is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its motion or its stored energy of position
Forms of Energy
• Kinetic energy : is the energy of motion
Energy which a body possesses because of its motion, which occurs anywhere from an atomic level to that of a whole organism
Examples of Kinetic Energy: This is not an all-inclusive list.
• Electrical – The movement of atoms
• Electromagnetic or Radiant – The movement of waves
• Thermal or Heat – The movement of molecules
• Motion – The movement of objects
• Sound – The movement through waves
Engineers generally refer to thermal/heat energy as “internal energy” and use “kinetic energy” strictly in reference to motion.
Potential Energy (Stored energy or gravitational energy)
• The capacity to do work by virtue of position or configuration
• an object can store energy as the result of its position or elastic source
• Potential Energy is maximum at the maximum HEIGHT
Energy transformation involves the conversion of one form of energy into another form.
Examples of energy transformation include:
• Chemical – Food is consumed and converted into motion for playing sports or taking a test.
• Radiant – Sunlight is consumed by plants and converted into energy for growth
• Electrical – Energy transferred to an oven is converted to thermal energy for heating our food.
Now you know the basic forms of energy. The next question is “What are the energy sources?” There are renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. A renewable energy source is a form of energy that is constantly and rapidly replenished by natural processes.
Examples of renewable energy sources include:
• Biomass – The use of a living or once living organism as fuel
• Hydropower – The energy produced from the movement of water
• Geothermal – The use of heat from within the Earth or from the atmosphere near oceans to warm houses or other buildings
• Wind – The use of wind to generate electricity
Solar – The use of the sun as a source of heat; for instance, to heat a room within a house, etc.
Energy Conversion
Examples
Fossil fuels Chemical → Heat → Mechanical → Electrical
Solar cells Sunlight → Electrical
Wind turbines Kinetic → Mechanical → Electrical
Hydroelectric Gravitational potential → Mechanical → Electrical
Nuclear Nuclear → Heat → Mechanical → Electrical
Potential energy of an object at a height
An object increases its energy when raised through a height.
The potential energy of an object at a height depends on the ground level or the zero level
Law Of Conservation Of Energy
The principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy The total mechanical energy (E=KE+PE) of an object remains constant as the object moves, provided that the net work done by external non-conservative forces is zero, Wnc=0J Total mechanical energy: the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy
E = KE + PE
Wnc = (KEf – KEo) + (PEf – PEo)
Wnc = (KEf + PEf) – (KEo + PEo)
Wnc = Ef – Eo
Ef = KEf + PEf) Eo = KEo + PEo
Rate of Doing Work & Commercial Unit Of Energy POWER Rate at which work is performed or energy is expended
Watt is the base unit of Power
One watt is equal to 1 joule of work per second
Types of Power
• Electrical Power
Uses electrical energy to do work
• Mechanical Power
Uses mechanical energy to do work (linear, rotary)
• Fluid Power
Uses energy transferred by liquids (hydraulic) and gases (pneumatic)
• Power is the rate that we use energy.
• Power = Work or Energy / Time
• P = W/t = F x d/t = F v
• The unit joule is too small .The bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kW h) 1 kW h is the energy used in one hour at the rate of 1000 J s–1 (or 1 kW).
1 kW h = 1 kW *1 h
= 1000 W*3600 s
= 3600000 J
1 kW h = 3.6 x 106 J. WP=t
